This review explains the science behind the drive for global net zero emissions and why this
is needed to halt the ongoing rise in global temperatures. We document how the concept of …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …

Finding accurate solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) is a crucial task in all
scientific and engineering disciplines. It has recently been shown that machine learning …

Despite considerable advances in process understanding, numerical modeling, and the
observational record of ice sheet contributions to global mean sea-level rise (SLR) since the …

Droughts occur naturally, but climate change has generally accelerated the hydrological
processes to make them set in quicker and become more intense, with many consequences …

Humanity is facing many grand challenges at unprecedented rates, nearly everywhere, and
at all levels. Yet virtually all these challenges can be traced back to the decision and …

While internal climate variability is known to affect climate projections, its influence is often
underappreciated and confused with model error. Why? In general, modeling centers …