Replication of the coronavirus genome requires continuous RNA synthesis, whereas
transcription is a discontinuous process unique among RNA viruses. Transcription includes …

Coronaviruses have large positive-strand RNA genomes that are 5′ capped and 3′
polyadenylated. The 5′-terminal two-thirds of the genome contain two open reading frames …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding of the RNA virus and its …

Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation
arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs exert anti-viral functions due …

To date, the recently discovered SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has afflicted> 6.9 million people
worldwide and disrupted the global economy. Development of effective vaccines or …

In less than two decades, three deadly zoonotic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS …

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory
infections that can be life-threatening. To establish an infection and spread, MERS-CoV, like …

Viral infection triggers the activation of antiviral innate immune responses in mammalian
cells. Viral RNA in the cytoplasm activates signaling pathways that result in the production of …

Cells have evolved highly specialized sentinels that detect viral infection and elicit an
antiviral response. Among these, the stress-sensing protein kinase R, which is activated by …

Dear Editor, The novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) broke out in late 2019 and has
spread worldwide since then, posing a great threat to the world economy and public health …