Background The human gut hosts complex microbial communities, which are linked to
health and disease. The gut microbiota is continuously reshaped by multiple environmental …

For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …

Parkinson's disease (PD) may start in the gut and spread to the brain. To investigate the role
of gut microbiome, we conducted a large-scale study, at high taxonomic resolution, using …

Importance Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson disease (PD) are increasingly important for
monitoring progression in clinical trials and also have the potential to improve clinical care …

Depression is one of the most frequent and burdensome non-motor symptoms in
Parkinson's disease (PD), across all stages. Even when its severity is mild, PD depression …

The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. The vast
genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a
multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions …

Objective Parkinson disease is characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms, reduced
striatal dopamine signaling, and loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. It is now …

Psychomotor abnormalities have been abundantly observed in psychiatric disorders like
major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCH). Although …

Recent animal research indicates that dopamine and serotonin, neuromodulators
traditionally linked to appetitive and aversive processes, are also involved in sensory …