Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their
fertility and expect to improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of …

This chapter covers selected topics for the 80% of the world's labor force that works in the
developing countries. These topics are ones that have:(1) received relatively great attention …

Previous research has not always found that boys and girls are treated differently in rural
India. However estimates of the effect of gender on parental investments could be biased if …

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was living a learning crisis. Before the
pandemic, 258 million children and youth of primary-and secondary-school age were out of …

In this paper, we estimate the effects of children and the differential effects of sons and
daughters on men's labor supply and hourly wage rates. The responses to fatherhood of two …

The reliability of the household consumption–based (Engel curve) methodology in detecting
gender bias has been called into question because it has generally failed to confirm bias …

This paper examines the effects of birth order on intra-household allocations as evidenced
by the child labor incidence and school attendance of Brazilian children. Previous studies …

This study examines the impact of microcredit on male and female time use, and draws on
this analysis to explore the linkages between credit and women's empowerment. A study of …

The rise in the divorce rate over the past 40 years is one of the fundamental changes in
American society. A substantial number of women and children now spend some fraction of …

Sex ratio at birth remains highly skewed in many Asian countries because of son preference.
The ratio in South Korea, however, declined beginning in 1990 and reached the natural …