This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Increased prevalence, severity, and burden of anxiety, trauma-related and stress-related
disorders in women compared with men has been well documented. Evidence from a variety …

The use of animal models for behavioral and pharmaceutical testing is employed in many
different fields of research but often relies solely on male animals. When females are …

Despite the exponential increase in fear research during the last years, few studies have
included female subjects in their design. The need to include females arises from the …

Learning that certain cues or environments predict threat enhances survival by promoting
appropriate fear and the resulting defensive responses. Adapting to changing stimulus …

Following sexual maturity, females disproportionately have higher rates of posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) and experience greater symptom severity and chronicity as …

Women show a heightened risk for psychosis in midlife that is not observed in men. The
menopausal transition (ie perimenopause) and accompanying changes in ovarian …

Although generalization to conditioned stimuli is not a new phenomenon, renewed interest
in understanding its biological underpinning has stemmed from its association with a …

Women are disproportionately affected by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and
gonadal hormones are implicated in fear learning processes associated with PTSD. In …

The rate of affective disorder is substantially higher in women than in men, and considerable
evidence points to the actions of ovarian hormones in mediating this disparity. In this …