Objective Surgery is a stressor that can be categorized by duration and severity and induces
a systemic stress response that includes increased adrenal cortisol production. However …

The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …

Background: Accumulating data from animal and human studies indicate that the prenatal
environment plays a significant role in shaping children's neurocognitive development …

Increased hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activation, culminating in elevated
circulating cortisol levels is a fundamental response to stressors. In animals, this …

Context Choline is a critical nutrient. Inadequate choline intake during pregnancy increases
the risk of adverse maternal and offspring health. Objective A systematic review and meta …

Traumatic injury, surgical interventions and sepsis are amongst some of the clinical
conditions that result in marked activation of neuroendocrine and opiate responses aimed at …

Black Americans have increased risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses with
prenatal origins. Prenatal choline promotes infant brain development and behavioral …

Choline is a quaternary amine endogenously synthesized from the amino acid methionine
or absorbed via the portal circulation. It is ubiquitous in the diet, although it has a greater …

Objective Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are at increased risk for neonatal morbidity
and developmental problems in childhood. No current interventions during human …

Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and its availability during pregnancy is important
for optimal fetal development. The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine in …