Persistent hyper-inflammation is a distinguishing pathophysiological characteristic of chronic
wounds, and macrophage malfunction is considered as a major contributor thereof. In this …

With the development of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the design,
and manufacture of nanoparticles (NPs) for use in clinical treatments. Recent increases in …

Peripheral nerve injury induces long-term pro-inflammatory responses in spinal cord glial
cells that facilitate neuropathic pain, but the identity of endogenous cells that resolve spinal …

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a highly prevalent, morbid inflammatory skin disease with
limited treatment options. The major cell types and inflammatory pathways in skin of patients …

Biological interactions between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer cells and
other cells within the tumor microenvironment contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor growth …

Inflammation is a key characteristic of kidney disease, but this immune response is two-
faced. In the acute phase of kidney injury, there is an activation of the immune cells to fight …

Neutrophils and macrophages are major components of innate systems, playing central
roles in inflammation responses to infections and tissue injury. If they are out of control …

Treatment of large bone fractures remains a challenge for orthopedists. Bone regeneration
is a complex process that includes skeletal cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has been considered as the primary pathological
mechanism that underlies low back pain. Understanding the molecular mechanisms …

Macrophage is the key innate immune effector in first-line defense against the pathogens,
and can be polarized into different phenotypes to regulate a variety of immunological …