During natural tissue regeneration, tissue microenvironment and stem cell niche including
cell–cell interaction, soluble factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) provide a train of …

Traumatic injuries can lead to large bone defects under extreme conditions, which usually
take a long recovery period, while the prognosis is poor. Endogenous electric field, as one …

In the recent years, a paradigm shift is taking place where metallic/synthetic implants and
tissue grafts are being replaced by tissue engineering approach. A well designed three …

Tissue is vital to the organization of multicellular organisms, because it creates the different
organs and provides the main scaffold for body shape. The quest for effective methods to …

Electrospinning is widely used to fabricate nanoscale fibers from natural and synthetic
polymers. Electrospun fibers have potential application in tissue engineering as well as in …

Natural polymers have been used in the biomedical fields for decades, mainly derived from
animals and plants with high similarities with biomacromolecules in the human body. As an …

Bone tissue engineering involves biomaterials, cells and regulatory factors to make
biosynthetic bone grafts with efficient mineralization for regeneration of fractured or …

A microneedle (MN) is a micron-sized needle with a height of 10–2000 μm and a width of 10–
50 μm, which can penetrate through the epidermis layer to dermal tissue directly without …

Tissue engineering is a derivative of biomedical engineering, which deals with the repair
and regeneration of organs or their tissues. Cell-embedded porous polymeric scaffolds …

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has received significant attention due to its enormous
potential in treating critical‐sized bone defects and related diseases. Traditional materials …