Natural Abs, belonging to isotypes IgM, IgG3, and IgA, were discovered nearly half a century
ago. Despite knowledge about the role of the polyreactive natural IgM in pathogen …

The innate immune system is the only defence weapon of invertebrates and a fundamental
defence mechanism of fish. The innate system also plays an instructive role in the acquired …

The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are
present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense …

Antibodies play a critical role in linking the adaptive immune response to the innate immune
system. In humans, antibodies are categorized into five classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD …

IgM antibodies constitute the major component of the natural antibodies and is also the first
class of antibodies produced during a primary antibody response. The IgM-type antibodies …

Building upon the resounding therapeutic success of monoclonal antibodies, and supported
by accelerating progress in engineering methods, the field of multispecific therapeutic …

Antibodies that react with self-molecules occur in healthy individuals and are referred to as
natural antibodies or autoantibodies. Natural autoantibodies are mainly IgM, are encoded by …

Recent years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of fish immune systems. Such
studies have greatly expanded the knowledge of the evolution and diversification of …

We have studied the role of secreted immunoglobulin (Ig) M in protection from infection with
influenza virus and delineated the relative contributions of B-1 versus B-2 cell–derived IgM …

Natural antibodies are produced at tightly regulated levels in the complete absence of
external antigenic stimulation. They provide immediate, early and broad protection against …