By definition, ethology is primarily the scientific study of animal behavior, especially as it
occurs in a natural environment; applied ethology being the study of animal behavior in the …

This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of
social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It …

Social relationships are important in social species. These relationships, based on repeated
interactions, define each partner's expectations during the following encounters. The …

Emotional recognition has been demonstrated to occur between members of different
species. However, the majority of studies on interspecific communication of emotions so far …

The Clinical Practice of Equine-Assisted Therapy bridges theory, research, and practical
methods to fill a rapidly developing gap for physical, occupational, speech, and mental …

This study aimed to determine whether horses have a kind of memory of humans (based on
previous interactions), leading to a general significance of humans revealed by their …

Research in cognitive psychology has repeatedly shown how much cognition and emotions
are mutually related to one another. Psychological disorders are associated with cognitive …

Horses often present negative emotional states which are frequently poorly recognised, with
much of our understanding of horse expressions based on anecdotes, rather than scientific …

Referential communication occurs when a sender elaborates its gestures to direct the
attention of a recipient to its role in pursuit of the desired goal, eg by pointing or showing an …

The long-held belief that human dominance and equine submission are key to successful
training and that the horse must be taught to 'respect'the trainer infers that force is often used …