Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling has been developed in recent
decades to overcome the complex nature of shallow superficial deposits in urban areas as a …

In the design of major construction works, the better the ground conditions are known, the
more control there is on the assessment of risks for construction, contract and personnel …

The increasing population density in existing urban areas often leads to the development of
areas previously omitted due to construction risks. We suggest a comprehensive …

Urban geology began to develop in the 1950s, particularly in California in relation to land-
use planning, and led to Robert Legget publishing his seminal book “Cities and geology” in …

Many geological survey organisations have started delivering digital geological models as
part of their role. This article describes the British Geological Survey (BGS) model for …

Over half of the world's population now live in cities. In 2011 it was estimated that the global
population exceeded 7 billion. Pressures on the environment including land use are …

Engineering works carried out in central London over many decades have revealed a
number of buried hollows that exhibit curious characteristics. Some extend deep into the …

A comprehensive three-dimensional geological and geotechnical modeling procedure is
proposed that combines many useful technologies in order to reduce the uncertainties …

It is estimated that by 2050 two-thirds of the world's population will live in urban areas (UN-
Habitat, 2012). In Europe, the most urbanized continent in the world, over 70% of the …

Three-dimensional (3D) geological models are currently needed and used independently
for urban development. The main difficulty in constructing a 3D geological model of a …