The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein
homeostasis, or “proteostasis”. The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated …

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising resource for cell-based therapy
because of their high immunomodulation ability, tropism towards inflamed and injured …

Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many
different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are …

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by
progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It …

Extracellular vesicles (EV), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are secreted from
virtually every cell. EV contain mRNA, miRNA, lipids and proteins and can deliver this …

Glaucoma is the result of the gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons
form the optic nerve. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor that …

There is growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and
exosomes can significantly improve the curative effect of oxidative stress-related diseases …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that primarily exist in bodily fluids such as blood.
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which, along with exosomes, can …

Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, are important mediators of long‐distance
intercellular communication and are involved in a diverse range of biological processes …

Background and aim Subretinal fibrosis resulting from neovascular age-related macular
degeneration (nAMD) is one of the major causes of serious and irreversible vision loss …