Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a
scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a new category of therapeutic agent to prevent
and treat various diseases. To function in vivo, mRNA requires safe, effective and stable …

RNA-based therapeutics have shown great promise in treating a broad spectrum of
diseases through various mechanisms including knockdown of pathological genes …

Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely used for in vivo delivery of RNA
therapeutics into the liver. However, a main challenge remains to develop LNP formulations …

Endosomal escape remains a fundamental barrier hindering the advancement of nucleic
acid therapeutics. Taking inspiration from natural phospholipids that comprise biological …

Emerging therapeutics that utilize RNA interference (RNAi) have the potential to treat broad
classes of diseases due to their ability to reversibly silence target genes. In August 2018, the …

Artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology are two fields that are instrumental in realizing
the goal of precision medicine—tailoring the best treatment for each cancer patient. Recent …

Lipid-like nanoparticles (LNPs) have potential as non-viral delivery systems for mRNA
therapies. However, repeated administrations of LNPs may lead to accumulation of delivery …

Gene-based therapy is the intentional modulation of gene expression in specific cells to treat
pathological conditions. This modulation is accomplished by introducing exogenous nucleic …

Polymer and lipid nanoparticles have been extensively used as carriers to address the
biological barriers encountered in siRNA and mRNA delivery. We summarize the crucial role …