Background Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a
major cause of hospital admission and mortality. They contribute to long‐term decline in …

Mustard gas (HD) was a widely used chemical warfare agent during World War I and more
recently in the Iraq–Iran war (1980–1988). To date, dramatically, 45,000 Iranians are …

Sulfur mustard (SM), a potent chemical weapon agent, was used by Iraqi forces against
Iranian in the Iraq–Iran war (1981–1989). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is …

Inhaled toxicants are used for diverse purposes, ranging from industrial applications such as
agriculture, sanitation, and fumigation to crowd control and chemical warfare, and acute …

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is one of the most important transcription factors; it has a key role
in inflammatory and immune responses, cell adhesion, developmental signals, and anti …

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blistering chemical agent which has short and long term toxicity
against many organs. The respiratory tract is one of the main targets, and is the most …

Most mortality and morbidity following exposure to vesicants such as sulfur mustard is due to
pulmonary toxicity. Acute injury is characterized by epithelial detachment and necrosis in the …

Background Systemic corticosteroids (SCS) have been shown to improve the outcome of
acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). However, the …

Abstract Context: Sulfur mustard (SM), with an old manufacturing history still remains as
potential threat due to easy production and extensive effects. Objectives: Increasing studies …

Context: Sulfur mustard exposure, as the most widely used chemical weapon, can lead to
acute and long-term pulmonary complications via various pathways, such as triggering an …