Here, we provide an update of our review on homeobox genes that we wrote together with
Walter Gehring in 1994. Since then, comprehensive surveys of homeobox genes have …

Babesia are tick-transmitted hemoprotozooans that infect mammals and birds, and which
are acknowledged for their major impact on farm and pet animal health and associated …

There is currently little information about the evolution of gene clusters, genome
architectures and karyotypes in early branching animals. Slowly evolving anthozoan …

The most diverse marine ecosystems, coral reefs, depend upon a functional symbiosis
between a cnidarian animal host (the coral) and intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate …

The freshwater cnidarian Hydra was first described in 1702 and has been the object of study
for 300 years. Experimental studies of Hydra between 1736 and 1744 culminated in the …

Sea anemones are seemingly primitive animals that, along with corals, jellyfish, and hydras,
constitute the oldest eumetazoan phylum, the Cnidaria. Here, we report a comparative …

Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) proteins are critical regulators of numerous
developmental genes. To silence or activate gene expression, respectively, PcG and trxG …

The puzzle of how complex nervous systems emerged remains unsolved. Comparative
studies of neurodevelopment in cnidarians and bilaterians suggest that this process began …

Many homeobox genes encode transcription factors with regulatory roles in animal and
plant development. Homeobox genes are found in almost all eukaryotes, and have …

SUMMARY microRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22‐nucleotide noncoding RNA
regulatory genes that are key players in cellular differentiation and homeostasis. They might …