Half a century after the first formulation of the monoamine hypothesis, compelling evidence
implies that long-term changes in an array of brain areas and circuits mediating complex …

Increasing evidence demonstrates that neuroplasticity, a fundamental mechanism of
neuronal adaptation, is disrupted in mood disorders and in animal models of stress. Here we …

Background Behavioral stress is recognized as a main risk factor for neuropsychiatric
diseases. Converging evidence suggested that acute stress is associated with increase of …

Recent compelling evidence has suggested that the glutamate system is a primary mediator
of psychiatric pathology and also a target for rapid-acting antidepressants. Clinical research …

Stress and glucocorticoids alter glutamatergic transmission, and the outcome of stress may
range from plasticity enhancing effects to noxious, maladaptive changes. We have …

Stressful life events impact on memory, cognition and emotional responses, and are known
to precipitate mood/anxiety disorders. It is increasingly recognized that stress and its …

CaMKII and CaMKIV are calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases playing a rudimentary role
in many regulatory processes in the organism. These kinases attract increasing interest due …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disease associated with many factors; specifically,
environmental, genetic, psychological, and biological factors play critical roles. Recent …

Rationale Escitalopram is a widely used antidepressant for the treatment of patients with
major depression. It is the pure S-enantiomer of racemic citalopram. Several clinical trials …

Antidepressant drugs represent one of the main forms of effective treatment for the
amelioration of depressive symptoms. Most available antidepressants increase extracellular …