The marine trace gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) supplies sulfur to the atmosphere at a rate of 15–
40 Tg S per year, contributing to the production of atmospheric sulfate aerosols that …

Interest in stratospheric aerosol and its role in climate have increased over the last decade
due to the observed increase in stratospheric aerosol since 2000 and the potential for …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

This study introduces CNRM‐ESM2‐1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation
developed by CNRM‐CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison …

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in regulating global climate as a major sink for
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and in global ocean biogeochemistry by supplying …

We describe Global Atmosphere 6.0 and Global Land 6.0 (GA6. 0/GL6. 0): the latest science
configurations of the Met Office Unified Model and JULES (Joint UK Land Environment …

We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7. 0/GL7. 0), the latest science
configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment …

A new global climate model, MRI-CGCM3, has been developed at the Meteorological
Research Institute (MRI). This model is an overall upgrade of MRI's former climate model …

This report presents the details of the governing equations, physical parameterizations, and
numerical algorithms defining the version of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model …

The scientific understanding of the Earth's climate system, including the central question of
how the climate system is likely to respond to human-induced perturbations, is …