Plastic changes of neural circuits occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) at various level of the
central nervous system. In this review we will focus on delineating the pathophysiological …

In primates, neural mechanisms for controlling skilled hand actions primarily rely on
sensorimotor transformations. These transformations are mediated by circuits linking specific …

Plasticity constitutes the basis of behavioral changes as a result of experience. It refers to
neural network shaping and re-shaping at the global level and to synaptic contacts …

The question of how intensive motor training restores motor function after brain damage or
stroke remains unresolved. Here we show that the ipsilesional ventral premotor cortex (PMv) …

The direct cortico-motoneuronal connection is believed to be essential for the control of
dexterous hand movements, such as precision grip in primates. It was reported, however …

The mechanism of motor recovery after stroke may involve reorganization of the surviving
networks. However, details of adaptive changes in structural connectivity are not well …

In the present study we first assessed that the hand motor field of the macaque ventral
premotor area F5, involved in visuomotor control of hand actions, is connected to both the …

The calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in the mammalian neocortex is expressed in
a subpopulation of cortical GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. PV–producing interneurons …

Evolutionally, development of the direct connection from the motor cortex to spinal
motoneurons [corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway] parallels the ability of hand dexterity …

Propranolol hydrochloride is the first-line drug for the clinical treatment of hypertension,
arrhythmia, and other diseases. However, with the increasing use of this drug, its safety and …