In the past two decades, the interest in fire safety science of tunnels has significantly
increased, mainly due to the rapidly increasing number of tunnels built and the catastrophic …

Previous fire accidents have shown that fires in underground transportation systems, eg,
tunnels and underground stations, can cause many fatalities. It is therefore important in fire …

The increase of transport mileage and expansion of underground space foster rapid
development in tunnel engineering, particularly in China. China has the largest number of …

Experimental tests and theoretical analyses were conducted to investigate the critical
velocity together with the backlayering length in tunnel fires. The experiments were …

The fire event in a tunnel creates a rapid spread of heat and smoke flows in a long and
confined space, which not only endangers human life but also challenges the fire …

Effects of different ventilation systems, ventilation velocities, heat release rates, tunnel
geometries and fire sources on the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the ceiling in …

An evacuation experiment including 100 individuals was performed inside a tunnel in order
to study the effectiveness of different way-finding installations and to collect data on …

The crash risk in tunnels is lower than on the open road network, but the consequences of a
crash are often severe. Proper tunnel design is one measure to reduce the likelihood of …

A series of experiments were carried out in a model-scale tunnel [72 m (length)× 1.5 m
(width)× 1.3 m (height)] to investigate the buoyant flow stratification behaviors in a tunnel fire …

Tunnels are separated from the ground by structural linings, and are enclosed and
unfamiliar for occupants. In tunnel fires, occupants are faced with a dangerous environment …