Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals
including cattle, pigs, sheep and many wildlife species. It can cause enormous economic …

Proteins can exist in a trinity of structures: the ordered state, the molten globule, and the
random coil. The five following examples suggest that native protein structure can …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals.
The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen …

▪ Abstract RNA viruses exploit all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure their
survival. Distinctive features of RNA virus replication include high mutation rates, high yields …

Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players.
To achieve this coordination, each participant must have a valid identification (ID) that is …

Current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a
quasispecies dynamics. Mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative …

Investigation into the pathogenesis of foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) has focused on the
study of the disease in cattle with less emphasis on pigs, small ruminants and …

Field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been shown to use the RGD-
dependent integrin αvβ3 as a cellular receptor on cultured cells. However, several other …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus identified. Since then, FMDV
has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on …