Potent and clinically significant analgesic effects can be brought about by opioids acting
outside the central nervous system. Injury and inflammation of peripheral tissues leads to …

This review summarizes recent findings on peripheral mechanisms underlying the
generation and inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured …

Objective The clinical management of inflammatory pain requires an optimal balance
between effective analgesia and associated safety risks. To date, mechanisms associated …

The concept that the immune system can communicate with peripheral sensory neurons to
modulate pain is based mostly on documented interactions between opioid ligands and …

Research has revealed that local application of exogenous opioid agonists produces a
potent analgesic effect by activating peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed tissues. The …

Beta-endorphin (βE) is an important reliever of pain. Various stressors and certain
modalities of physiotherapy are potent inducers of the release of endogenous βE to the …

When tissue is destroyed or invaded by leukocytes in inflammation, numerous mediators are
delivered by the circulation and/or liberated from resident and immigrated cells at the site …

Current therapy for inflammatory pain includes the peripheral application of opioid receptor
agonists. Activation of opioid receptors modulates voltage-gated ion channels, but it is …

Despite many advances in the provision of pain services, acute pain after surgery remains a
serious cause of severe suffering that is often undermanaged despite our best efforts. 6 34 …

What is known and objective Optimal utilization of opioid analgesics is significantly limited
by the central nervous system adverse effects and misuse/abuse potential of currently …