The insects are a hyperdiverse class containing more species than all other animal groups
combined—and many employ venom to capture prey, deter predators and micro-organisms …

Venoms from Hymenoptera display a wide range of functions and biological roles. These
notably include manipulation of the host, capture of prey and defense against competitors …

Bee venom (BV) is the most valuable product harvested from honeybees (30- 300 USD per
gram) but marginally produced in apiculture. Though widely studied and used in alternative …

Among the various natural compounds used in alternative and Oriental medicine, toxins
isolated from different organisms have had their application for many years, and Apis …

Brazil presents the most threatened endemic or rare species among neotropical regions,
with the Hymenoptera order, to which bees belong, classified as a high-risk category. In …

The venom apparatus of the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae) was studied with light and electron microscope and was subjected to the …

Parasitoid wasps produce virulence factors that bear significant resemblance to viruses and
have the ability to block host defense responses. The function of these virulence factors …

Parasitoid wasps, notably egg parasitoids of the family Eupelmidae (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea), a key natural enemy of insect pests, offer a sustainable approach to pest …

We provide insights into the secretory pathway of arthropod gland systems by comparing the
royal jelly-producing hypopharyngeal glands and the venom-producing glands of the …

The digger wasp species Ampulex compressa produces its venom in two branched gland
tubules. They terminate in a short common duct, which is bifurcated at its proximal end. One …