Purines and their derivatives, most notably adenosine and ATP, are the key molecules
controlling intracellular energy homoeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Besides, these …

The innate immune system has the capacity to detect 'non-self'molecules derived from
pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, via pattern recognition …

Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. Effects
of extracellular ATP are mediated by plasma membrane receptors named P2 receptors …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) signalling is of paramount importance to immunity. Regulated
increases in cytosolic and organellar Ca2+ concentrations in lymphocytes control complex …

Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the
malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the …

Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intracellular molecules released from
infected or injured cells to activate inflammatory and reparatory responses. One of the most …

Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic
lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc …

The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ATP-gated cation channel found predominantly, but not
exclusively, on immune cells. P2X7 activation results in a number of downstream events …