Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800
sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our …

Free‐living cyanobacteria were entrapped by eukaryotic cells~ 2 billion years ago, ultimately
giving rise to chloroplasts. After a century of debate, the presence of chloroplast DNA was …

The small bacterial-type genome of the plastid (chloroplast) can be engineered by genetic
transformation, generating cells and plants with transgenic plastid genomes, also referred to …

Oral administration is a widespread and convenient drug delivery approach. However, oral
delivery can be affected by the complex digestive tract environment, including irregular …

Great progress has been made over the past decade with respect to the application of
biotechnology to generate nutritionally improved food crops. Biofortified staple crops such as …

Chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel, and oxygen through
the process of photosynthesis. However, the chloroplast genome has also been smartly …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) consist of molecules that act on the defense systems of
numerous organisms toward multiple pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and …

Although the plant‐made vaccine field started three decades ago with the promise of
developing low‐cost vaccines to prevent infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics …

In the past two decades, chloroplast genetic engineering has been advanced to achieve
high‐level protein accumulation but not for down‐regulation of targeted genes. Therefore, in …

Plant synthetic biology is a rapidly evolving field with new tools constantly emerging to drive
innovation. Of particular interest is the application of synthetic biology to chloroplast …