Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted
by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients' physical appearance, psychological …

Insect colours assist in body protection, signalling, and physiological adaptations. Colours
also convey multiple channels of information. These channels are valuable for species …

Following its predecessor, the second edition of Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition
presents exhaustive coverage of amino acids in the nutrition, metabolism and health of …

The cuticular skeleton of a butterfly wing scale cell is an exquisitely finely sculpted material
that can contain pigments, produce structural colors, or both. While cuticle rigidity and …

Colour is often used as an aposematic warning signal, with predator learning expected to
lead to a single colour pattern within a population. However, there are many puzzling cases …

The arthropod cuticle offers strength, protection, and lightweight. Due to its limit in
expandability, arthropods have to moult periodically to grow. While moulting is beneficial in …

Urbanization leads to cities having higher temperatures than surrounding non-urban areas
[this is known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect]. Very little is known about the impacts of …

Bumble bees are characterized by their thick setal pile that imparts aposematic color
patterns often used for species-level identification. Like all bees, the single-celled setae of …

Abstract The bumble bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombini, Bombus Latreille) fauna of the
Nearctic and Palearctic regions are considered well known, with a few species occurring in …

Bumble bees exhibit exceptional diversity in their segmental body coloration largely as a
result of mimicry. In this study we sought to discover genes involved in this variation through …