Clefts of the lip and palate are generally divided into two groups, isolated cleft palate and
cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a heterogeneous group of disorders …

Background The National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) is a large population‐
based multicenter case–control study of major birth defects in the United States. Methods …

This text offers an authoritative account of general medical and surgical conditions as they
apply to the practice of dentistry and oral healthcare. Now established as the standard …

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that systematic and sustained action is
needed to achieve food and nutrition security for all in the United States. To eliminate food …

Food insecurity represents a lack of access to enough food to meet basic needs. We
hypothesized that food insecurity may increase birth defect risks, because it is an indicator of …

BACKGROUND The development of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial with
genetic and environmental influences. We sought to determine the relationship between …

Background This study aimed to examine the relationships between various maternal
socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) …

To describe income levels and the prevalence of major hardships among women during or
just before pregnancy. We separately analyzed 2002–2006 population-based postpartum …

Advances have been made in identifying genetic etiologies of congenital heart defects.
Through this knowledge, preventive strategies have been designed and instituted, and …

The birth prevalence of orofacial clefts, one of the most common congenital anomalies, is
approximately one in 700 live births, but varies with geography, ethnicity, and socio …