While glia are essential for regulating the homeostasis in the normal brain, their dysfunction
contributes to neurodegeneration in many brain diseases, including Parkinson's disease …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated
neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and …

Autoimmune diseases are immune disorders characterized by T cell hyperactivity and B cell
overstimulation leading to overproduction of autoantibodies. Although the pathogenesis of …

Lysosomal function has a central role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and,
accordingly, lysosomal dysfunction has been linked to neurodegeneration and particularly to …

Inflammation has long been associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD)
but the extent to which it is a cause or consequence is sill debated. Over the past decade a …

Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as cellular hubs to orchestrate signaling pathways
that regulate metabolism, redox homeostasis, and cell fate decisions. Recent research …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount
importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in
incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is …

Despite major strides in personalized genomics, it remains poorly understood why
neurodegenerative diseases occur in only a fraction of individuals with a genetic …

Astrocytes and microglia support well-being and well-function of the brain through diverse
functions in both intact and injured brain. For example, astrocytes maintain homeostasis of …