Animal models of epilepsy and seizures, mostly involving mice and rats, are used to
understand the pathophysiology of the different forms of epilepsy and their comorbidities, to …

Abstract The 3Rs—replacement, reduction, and refinement—can be applied to any animal
experiment by researchers and other bodies seeking to conduct those studies in as humane …

Pain has a profound effect on an animal's wellbeing. In Germany, researchers using animals
have been legally required to reduce any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to …

Refinement on the way towards replacement: Are we doing what we can? Page 42 © kathrin
herrmann, 9| doi: 0. 63/978900439 9 _00 This is an open access chapter …

Objective Considering the complexity of neuronal circuits and their epilepsy‐associated
alterations, epilepsy models cannot be completely replaced by in vitro experimental …

Refinement refers to the use of methods that help to minimise animal suffering in the
laboratory. Research in this area has increased significantly over the past two decades …

Although an impact of epilepsy on circadian rhythmicity is well-recognized, there are
profound gaps in our understanding of the influence of seizures on diurnal rhythms. The …

Psychiatric comorbidities are prevalent in patients with epilepsy and greatly contribute to the
overall burden of disease. The availability of reliable biomarkers to diagnose epilepsy …

When asked about the use of animals in biomedical research, people often state that the
research is only acceptable if pain and distress are minimised. However, pain is caused …

Refinement: Lessons from the 2012 Olympics Page 1 Refinement: Lessons from the 2012
Olympics Elliot Lilley and Maggy Jennings Until the day comes when animals are no longer …