Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling
molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease with limited treatment options.
Targeting the neuroimmune system is a new avenue for developing or repurposing effective …

Alcohol and substance abuse disorders involve continued use of substances despite
negative consequences, ie loss of behavioral control of drug use. The frontal-cortical areas …

Rationale Alcoholism is a primary, chronic relapsing disease of brain reward, motivation,
memory, and related circuitry. It is characterized by an individual's continued drinking …

Cytokines and microglia have been implicated in anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration as
well as the regulation of alcohol drinking and other consumatory behaviors, all of which are …

The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) participates in both
synaptic plasticity and neural damage. Emerging evidence from human and animal studies …

Addiction occurs through repeated abuse of drugs that progressively reduce behavioral
control and cognitive flexibility while increasing limbic negative emotion. Recent discoveries …

Abstract Background Athina Markou and her colleagues discovered persistent changes in
adult behavior following adolescent exposure to ethanol or nicotine consistent with …

In recent years, some new processes have been proposed to explain how alcohol may
influence behavior, psychological symptoms and alcohol seeking in alcohol-dependent …

Much evidence from studies in humans and animals supports the hypothesis that alcohol
addiction is a complex disease with both hereditary and environmental influences …