Sibling species are common in all major marine groups and habitats. Their abundance
reflects both inadequate study of morphological features of living organisms (" pseudo …

After a 12-million-year (My) process, the Central American Isthmus was completed 2.8 My
ago. Its emergence affected current flow, salinity, temperature, and primary productivity of …

Phylogeography is a discipline concerned with various relationships between gene
genealogies—phylogenetics—and geography. The word “phylogeography” was coined in …

Darwinian Natural Selection t is quite conceiveable," Darwin wrote in his introduction to On
the Origin of Species (1859, p. 3)" that a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual affinities of …

Sister species separated by the Isthmus of Panama have been widely used to estimate rates
of molecular evolution. These estimates are based on the assumption that geographic …

The causes of speciation in the sea are rarely obvious, because geographical barriers are
not conspicuous and dispersal abilities or marine organisms, particularly those of species …

It is widely believed that gene flow connected many shallow water populations of the
Caribbean and eastern Pacific until the Panama seaway closed 3.0 to 3.5 million years ago …

Speciation is one of the great themes of evolutionary biology. It is the process through which
new species are born and diversity generated. Yet for many years our understanding of the …

Tropical reef fishes, along with many benthic invertebrates, have a life cycle that includes a
sedentary, bottom‐dwelling reproductive phase and a planktonic stage that occurs early in …

The distribution of circumtropical marine species is limited by continental boundaries, cold
temperate conditions, and oceanic expanses, but some of these barriers are permeable over …