Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf
a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or …

Autophagy is the process of cellular self-eating by a double-membrane organelle, the
autophagosome. A range of signaling processes converge on two protein complexes to …

Autophagosome biogenesis is a dynamic membrane event, which is executed by the
sequential function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Upon autophagy induction, a cup …

Macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, is a degradative process conserved among
eukaryotes, which is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy lead …

Living cells are adaptive self-sustaining systems. They strictly depend on the sufficient
supply of oxygen, energy, and nutrients from the outside in order to sustain their internal …

Macroautophagy is mediated by a unique organelle, the autophagosome, which encloses a
portion of cytoplasm for delivery to the lysosome. Autophagosome formation is dynamically …

Autophagy is a catabolic process involving capture of cytoplasmic materials into double-
membraned autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with lysosomes for degradation of the …

Nutrient starvation induces autophagy in eukaryotic cells through inhibition of TOR (target of
rapamycin), an evolutionarily-conserved protein kinase. TOR, as a central regulator of cell …

During the process of autophagy, cytoplasmic materials are sequestered by double-
membrane structures, the autophagosomes, and then transported to a lytic compartment to …

The Atg1/ULK1 complex plays a central role in starvation-induced autophagy, integrating
signals from upstream sensors such as MTOR and AMPK and transducing them to the …