Exposure to stress is an undeniable, but in most cases surmountable, part of life. However,
in certain individuals, exposure to severe or cumulative stressors can lead to an array of …

The purposeful application of fermentation in food and beverage preparation, as a means to
provide palatability, nutritional value, preservative, and medicinal properties, is an ancient …

Systemic inflammation is among the most prominent and most frequently observed
responses of the immune system. Over the past decades, it has become clear that …

Compelling evidence from animal and human research suggest a strong link between
inflammation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, recent findings support …

In recent years there has been a renewed interest concerning the ways in which the
gastrointestinal tract–its functional integrity and microbial residents–might influence human …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mood disorder and frequently associated with
alterations of the immune system characterized by enhanced levels of circulating pro …

Pro‐inflammatory cytokines have been proposed to be associated with the pathogenesis of
depression. Consistent with this notion, several clinical observations have suggested the …

Repeated exposure to social stress can precipitate the development of psychosocial
disorders including depression and comorbid cardiovascular disease. While a major …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration is a well-established model to assess afferent
immune-to-brain communication and behavioral aspects of inflammation. Nevertheless, only …

Stress-induced cytokine changes may be the link between stress and the pathogenesis of
psychiatric disorders such as depression, and organic diseases such as infections …