Cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines, have
a variety of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory effects in the body through a number of biochemical …

Interleukins (ILs) are a major subclass of cytokines acting as molecular messengers playing
role in immune system responses via a cascade of signaling pathways. Belonging to the …

BACKGROUND. T cells expressing antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)
improve outcomes for CD19-expressing B cell malignancies. We evaluated a human …

Physiological ageing is accompanied by decline in immune system function and immune
alteration during ageing increases susceptibility to infections. We retrospectively analysed …

Slow progress in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) motivates an urgent
need for highly controlled in vitro systems to investigate organ-organ–and organ-immune …

Humanized mice are limited in terms of modeling human immunity, particularly with regards
to antibody responses. Here we constructed a humanized (THX) mouse by grafting non-γ …

Despite recognition that biogeography and individuality shape the function and composition
of the human skin microbiome, we know little about how extrinsic and intrinsic host factors …

Background Systemic vascular injury occurs in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
patients; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Methods To clarify the role …

The CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a transmembrane molecule of crucial interest in cell signaling
in innate and adaptive immunity. It is expressed by a variety of cells, but mainly by activated …

Background: Diarrhea affects a large proportion of children with severe acute malnutrition
(SAM). However, its etiology and clinical consequences remain unclear. Objective: We …