Highlights•The relational nature of valuation and the specific content of valuation are
distinguished.•As contents of valuation, instrumental and relational values are different with …

Humanity's impact on the environment is increasing, as are strategies to conserve
biodiversity, but a lack of understanding about how interventions affect ecological and …

Protected areas (PAs) are fundamental for biodiversity conservation, yet their impacts on
nearby residents are contested. We synthesized environmental and socioeconomic …

One of the basic purposes of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation
interventions is to achieve conservation impact, the sum of avoided biodiversity loss and …

Protected areas are controversial because they are so important for conservation and
because they distribute fortune and misfortune unevenly. The nature of that distribution, as …

There are growing calls for businesses to implement 'nature-positive'strategies.
Convergence around a precise definition is now needed. We review definitions of 'nature …

Global change, population growth, and urbanization have been exerting a severe influence
on the environment, including the social system and ecosystem. To find solutions based on …

Marine protected areas (MPA s) are increasingly advocated for the conservation and
management of sharks and rays. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding which …

Biodiversity conservation interventions often aim to benefit both nature and people;
however, the social impacts of these interventions remain poorly understood. We reviewed …

Success in conservation depends on our ability to reduce human pressures in areas that
harbour biological diversity and ecosystem services. Legally protecting some of these areas …