Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is accompanied by intense cortical activity, underlying its
wake-like electroencephalogram. The neural activity inducing REM sleep is thought to …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

Considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of rapid-eye-
movement (REM) sleep have occurred over the past decade. Much of this progress can be …

Dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons are critically involved in a variety of
behaviors that rely on heightened arousal, but whether they directly and causally control the …

Brain activity during sleep is characterized by circuit-specific oscillations, including slow
waves, spindles and theta waves, which are nested in thalamocortical or hippocampal …

In experiments conducted over 60 years ago, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was
identified as a critical neuroanatomical substrate for motivated behavior. Electrical …

Highlights•Glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus provide main ascending
arousal influence from the brainstem.•GABAergic neurons in the brainstem provide the main …

Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hippocampal hyperactivity and decreased
sleep quality. Here we show that homeostatic mechanisms transiently counteract the …