Exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) is an alternative to the well‐known
method of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). ESEM is mainly used to assess the quality of …

Although studies have consistently found negative correlations between second language
(L2) anxiety and L2 achievement, the anxiety concept is criticized for the failure to consider …

Research on the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence,
and relatedness is well-established in second language (L2) research. However, little is …

Past studies have shown gender differences among English as a foreign language (EFL)
learners. However, most of these studies have focused on mean-level differences using …

Purpose–There is an absence of systematic review papers in the achievement motivation
theories literature. In terms of current research trends, English learning motivation is gaining …

Language students apply different strategies to learn a second language (L2), especially
when they want to attain proficiency in reading. The aim of the present study was to revisit …

This study aims to examine the factors influencing students' behavioral intentions toward
using Mobile English Learning (MEL) by integrating three key theoretical frameworks: the …

Second language (L2) anxiety has been proposed to play a causal role in L2 achievement.
However, most studies have failed to acknowledge confounding variables that may be …

Based on an integrated framework of the self-determination theory and the control-value
theory of achievement emotions, the current study investigated the impact of basic …

Introduction Mobile learning (M-learning) is integral to language education, offering
accessibility, portability, and diverse resources. It offers real-life language use with …