Due to the rapid expansion of electric vehicles and portable electronics, the demand for
lithium-ion batteries is increasing, resulting in supply risks in obtaining lithium, cobalt, and …

The transition to a low-carbon economy will be material-intensive. Production of these
materials (from mining to manufacturing) incurs environmental costs that vary widely …

The accelerating pace of resource consumption threatens long-term availability of critical
materials: those resources that play an essential role in modern society but are vulnerable to …

The technological advancements in the field of electrical and electronic equipment leads to
the rapid increase in the obsolescence rate of these devices and the generation of electronic …

E-waste, encompassing discarded materials from outdated electronic equipment, often ends
up intermixed with municipal solid waste, leading to improper disposal through burial and …

While e-waste poses significant environmental and health risks, it also harbors valuable
metals like gold, ripe for recycling. However, extracting gold from e-waste carries its own …

Neodymium (Nd), an essential type of rare earth element, has attracted increasing attention
in recent years due to its significant role in emerging technologies and its globally …

Circular economy aims at decoupling human activities from resource use and creating
wealth. However, many have questioned the link between increased circularity and …

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are increasingly susceptible to supply risks due to their limited
geographical availability and growing demand in clean energy applications such as …

Spent graphite anode (SGA), a hazardous solid waste discharges from end-of-life lithium-ion
batteries, indicating the most significant disadvantages are continuous emission and hard to …