Bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-liver axis controls gastrointestinal health and disease
and exploits environmental and host mediators. Nutrients, microbial antigens, metabolites …

Inflammation In the absence of pathogens occurs in all tissues in response to a wide range
of stimuli that cause tissue stress and injury. Such sterile inflammation (SI) is a key process …

The translocation of bacteria and bacterial products into the circulation contributes to
alcoholic liver disease. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth is common in patients with alcoholic …

The association between alcohol intake and alcoholic liver disease has been well
documented, although cirrhosis of the liver develops in only a small proportion of heavy …

Liver fibrosis occurs as a wound‐healing scar response following chronic liver inflammation
including alcoholic liver disease, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis, cholestatic …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, and …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen‐
associated molecular patterns and signal through adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation …

The involvement of free radical mechanisms in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease
(ALD) is demonstrated by the detection of lipid peroxidation markers in the liver and the …

Kupffer cells are resident liver macrophages and play a critical role in maintaining liver
functions. Under physiological conditions, they are the first innate immune cells and protect …

Agrowing body of evidence indicates that endotox-emia is closely associated with alcoholic
liver disease (ALD). Endotoxins stimulate different cells in the liver releasing cytokines …