In single cells, all molecules fluctuate in concentration because synthesis and degradation
events occur asynchronously in a probabilistic manner. Since molecules generally influence …

Population heterogeneity can promote bacterial fitness in response to unpredictable
environmental conditions. A major mechanism of phenotypic variability in the human gut …

Cellular phenotypes are the result of complex interactions between many components.
Understanding and predicting the system level properties of the resulting networks requires …

Background Quantitative analysis of simple molecular networks is an important step forward
understanding fundamental intracellular processes. As network motifs occurring recurrently …

The classic picture of flagellum biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, inferred from population
measurements, depicts a deterministic program where promoters are sequentially up …

Bacterial persistence (phenotypic tolerance to antibiotics) provides a prime example of bet-
hedging, where normally growing cells generate slow-growing but antibiotic-tolerant …

How energy is consumed in gene expression is largely unknown mainly due to complexity of
non-equilibrium mechanisms affecting expression levels. Here, by analyzing a …

Expression noise results in cell-to-cell variability in expression levels, and feedback
regulation may complicate the tracing of sources of this noise. Using a representative model …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important prebiotic complex carbohydrates with
demonstrated beneficial effects on the microbiota of neonates. However, optimization of their …

Gene expression noise can reduce cellular fitness or facilitate processes such as alternative
metabolism, antibiotic resistance, and differentiation. Unfortunately, efforts to study the …