Coat protein complex I (COPI) and COPII are required for bidirectional membrane trafficking
between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. While these core coat machineries …

Herbicides with new modes of action (MOA s) are badly needed due to the rapidly evolving
resistance to commercial herbicides, but a new MOA has not been introduced in over 20 …

Translation inhibition is a major but poorly understood mode of action of microRNAs
(miRNAs) in plants and animals. In particular, the subcellular location where this process …

Genome sequencing has resulted in the identification of a large number of uncharacterized
genes with unknown functions. It is widely recognized that determination of the intracellular …

Endomembrane trafficking is essential for all eukaryotic cells. The best-characterized
membrane trafficking organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus …

A growing body of evidence suggests that plant-associated microorganisms, especially
endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, represent a huge and largely untapped …

Exchange factors for ARF GTPases (ARF-GEFs) regulate vesicle trafficking in a variety of
organisms. The Arabidopsis protein GNOM is a brefeldin A (BFA) sensitive ARF-GEF that is …

Small GTP-binding proteins regulate diverse processes in eukaryotic cells such as signal
transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular membrane …

Root hairs are single cells that develop by tip growth and are specialized in the absorption of
nutrients. Their cell walls are composed of polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich …

In all eucaryotic cells, specific vesicle fusion during vesicular transport is mediated by
membraneassociated proteins called SNAREs (soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor …