In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were
observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the Dutch/German …

Since 1996, autochthonous cases of emerging leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania
(Mundinia) martiniquensis and Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis have been more frequently …

Background After several years without bluetongue disease, a ruminant illness caused by
Culicoides-borne bluetongue virus (BTV), two new autochthonous cases were reported in …

Background Culicoides biting midges are biological vectors of arboviruses including
bluetongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and African horse sickness virus …

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides occur almost globally and can regionally and
seasonally reach high abundances. Most species are hematophagous, feeding on all …

Background Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and
equids such as bluetongue, Schmallenberg disease and African horse sickness. In the past …

Background Aquatic ecosystems provide breeding sites for blood-sucking insects such as
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), but factors affecting their distribution …

Background Culicoides biting midges are potential vectors of different pathogens. However,
especially for eastern Europe, there is a lack of knowledge on the host-feeding patterns of …

Developing sampling programs for Culicoides can be challenging due to variation in
ecology and behavior of the numerous species as well as their broad distributions and …

Infectious diseases often vary seasonally in a predictable manner, and seasonality may be
responsible for geographical differences in prevalence. In temperate regions, vector-borne …