Moderate‐to‐severe pain represents a heavy burden in patients' quality of life, and
ultimately in the society and in healthcare costs. The aim of this review was to summarize …

Tramadol and tapentadol are centrally acting, synthetic opioid analgesics used in the
treatment of moderate to severe pain. Main metabolic patterns for these drugs in humans are …

Cadmium (Cd), a worldwide occupational pollutant, is an extremely toxic heavy metal,
capable of damaging several organs, including the brain. Its toxicity has been related to …

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mechanism involving the accumulation of lipid
peroxides. As a critical regulator, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) has been demonstrated …

Background Previous studies in various rodent epilepsy models have suggested that
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition with rapamycin has anti-epileptogenic …

Biomedical and (neuro) toxicity research on (neuro) degenerative diseases still relies
strongly on animal models. However, the use of laboratory animals is often undesirable for …

Tramadol (TR) is a centrally acting analgesic drug that is used to relieve pain. The
therapeutic (0.1–0.8 mg/l), toxic (1–2 mg/l) and lethal (> 2 mg/l) ranges were reported for TR …

Background: New psychoactive substances (NPS), often referred to as “legal highs” or
“designer drugs”, are derivatives and analogues of existing psychoactive drugs that are …

Tramadol and tapentadol are extensively prescribed for the treatment of moderate to severe
pain. Although these drugs are very effective in pain treatment, the number of intoxications …

Gliomas refer to a group of complicated human brain tumors with a low 5‐year survival rate
and limited therapeutic options. Extremely low‐frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF …