With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pumping and ensure …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Conspectus In nature, light is harvested by photoactive proteins to drive a range of biological
processes, including photosynthesis, phototaxis, vision, and ultimately life …

Hydrogen bonds are fundamental to the structure and function of biological macromolecules
and have been explored in detail. The chains of hydrogen bonds (CHBs) and low-barrier …

The current state-of-the-art experiments in time-resolved structural biology are undoubtedly
the recent extremely impressive results that are emerging from XFEL-based experiments …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Proton transport is indispensable for cell life. It is believed that molecular mechanisms of
proton movement through different types of proton-conducting molecules have general …