Highlights•Student teachers face complex challenges in their future profession, incl.
developing professional digital competence (PDC).•In response, teacher education needs to …

Student demotivation with English as a medium of instruction has attracted increased
attention of scholars, particularly in those countries where it is taught as a second or foreign …

Today, the Common European Framework of Reference (2009), and with it the action-based
approach, underlies English Language Teaching (ELT) curricula throughout Europe …

Since Gardner introduced the importance of motivation on Language 2 learning, the concept
has been accompanied with three more relevant concepts; amotivation, demotivation and …

This chapter focuses on informal language learning in Sweden. Sweden has a long tradition
of teaching foreign languages in school, but formal language learning is currently in many …

Leisure time (or extramural) English activities have been an important resource in foreign
language teaching and learning for decades. They may provide a plethora of EFL input, thus …

Frequent engagement in English extramural activities (ie, activities that take place outside
the classroom) has been found to have a positive impact on EFL learners' vocabulary …

Abstract According to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), the
intercultural competence is one of the aspects that must be developed as part of the …

The study explored teacher–student interactions in foreign language teaching classes in
China, aiming to identify ways to improve these interactions. Data were collected through …

The purpose of this study is to review the trends and key conclusions of research on
Extramural English activities in English language teaching (ELT) approaches. Several …