Sleep is a complex physiological process and is a critical determinant of physical and
mental health. In the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding …

Abstract Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce heart failure events by
direct action on the failing heart that is independent of changes in renal tubular function. In …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and fatty acid
metabolism has been well studied. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been less …

Gut microbiota, a collection of microorganisms that live within gastrointestinal tract, provides
crucial signaling metabolites for the physiological of hosts. In healthy state, gut microbiota …

The ketone bodies beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are hepatically produced
metabolites catabolized in extrahepatic organs. Ketone bodies are a critical cardiac fuel and …

Cardiac metabolism is vital for heart function. Given that cardiac contraction requires a
continuous supply of ATP in large quantities, the role of fuel metabolism in the heart has …

As key organelles involved in cellular metabolism, mitochondria frequently undergo
adaptive changes in morphology, components and functions in response to various …

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are foundational therapy in patients
with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), but underlying mechanisms of …

Background Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by
decreased bone mass and destruction of bone microstructure, which tends to result in …

Heart failure (HF) is marked by distinctive changes in myocardial uptake and utilization of
energy substrates. Among the different types of HF, HF with preserved ejection fraction …