The safety of progestogens as a class has come under increased scrutiny after the
publication of data from the Women's Health Initiative trial, particularly with respect to breast …

Epidemiological and experimental evidence implicates oestrogens in the aetiology of breast
cancer. Most established risk factors for breast cancer in humans probably act through …

Background Oral contraceptives were introduced almost 50 years ago, and over 100 million
women currently use them. Oral contraceptives can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but the …

Objectives Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are associated with higher breast
cancer risk in observational studies, but ascribing causality is difficult. Mendelian …

Most epidemiological studies have shown an increase in breast cancer risk related to
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use. A recent large cohort study showed effects of …

The benefits of plant extracts from soy and red clover as alternatives to conventional
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been debated in the past. Here, an attempt has …

OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent to which prior hormone therapy modifies the breast
cancer risk found with estrogen plus progestin (E+ P) in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) …

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk for breast cancer in Finnish women using postmenopausal
estradiol (E2)–progestogen therapy. METHODS: All Finnish women over 50 years using E2 …

In 1997 two independent randomized clinical trials, Hormonal Replacement Therapy After
Breast Cancer—Is It Safe?(HABITS; 434 patients) and the Stockholm trial (378 patients) …

BACKGROUND: Smoking has been linked to mucinous ovarian cancer, but its effects on
other ovarian cancer subtypes and on overall ovarian cancer risk are unclear, and the …