OBJECTIVE: Propensity score (PS) analyses attempt to control for confounding in
nonexperimental studies by adjusting for the likelihood that a given patient is exposed. Such …

Mothers given an epidural rather than parenteral opioid labor analgesia report less pain and
are more satisfied with their pain relief. Analgesic method does not affect fetal oxygenation …

In observational studies, investigators have no control over the treatment assignment. The
treated and non‐treated (that is, control) groups may have large differences on their …

Causal effect modeling with naturalistic rather than experimental data is challenging. In
observational studies participants in different treatment conditions may also differ on …

We determined whether adherence to recommendations for coronary angiography more
than 12 h after symptom onset but prior to hospital discharge after acute myocardial …

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the risk and risk factors for cesarean delivery associated with
medical and elective induction of labor in nulliparous women. METHODS: A prospective …

Background: Radical prostatectomy and external beam radiotherapy are the two major
therapeutic options for treating clinically localized prostate cancer. Because survival is often …

The maternal and fetal effects of analgesia during labor and delivery are issues of concern
to patients, anesthesiologists, and obstetrical caregivers. Roughly 60 percent of women in …

Context.—Epidural labor analgesia, if selected by the patient, is associated with high
cesarean delivery rates. Results of randomized trials comparing rates of cesarean delivery …

Objective: To quantify the risk of cesarean delivery associated with elective induction of
labor in nulliparous women at term. Methods: We performed a cohort study on a major urban …