Nanobiotechnology has the potential to enable smart plant sensors that communicate with
and actuate electronic devices for improving plant productivity, optimize and automate water …

Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The
Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V …

The calcium-based intracellular signalling system is used ubiquitously to couple
extracellular stimuli to their characteristic intracellular responses. It is becoming clear from …

Summary Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is ubiquitous in cells and at the centre of
developmental programmes and environmental responses. Its chemistry in cells makes …

Mitochondria, as the powerhouse organelle of cells, are greatly involved in regulating cell
signaling pathways, including those related to the innate and acquired immune systems …

Abstract Calcium ion (Ca 2+) is a versatile signaling transducer in all eukaryotic organisms.
In plants, intracellular changes in free Ca 2+ levels act as regulators in many growth and …

Ca2+ play a key role in cell signaling across organisms. The question of how a simple ion
can mediate specific outcomes has spurred research into the role of Ca2+ signatures and …

Growth and development of plants is ultimately driven by light energy captured through
photosynthesis. ATP acts as universal cellular energy cofactor fuelling all life processes …

Genetically encoded biosensors that directly interact with a molecule of interest were first
introduced more than 20 years ago with fusion proteins that served as fluorescent indicators …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have
similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within …