Normal eating behaviour is coordinated by the tightly regulated balance between intestinal
and extra-intestinal homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. By contrast, food addiction is a …

Behaviours such as eating, copulating, defending oneself or taking addictive drugs begin
with a motivation to initiate the behaviour. Both this motivational drive and the behaviours …

Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Central regulation of food intake is a key mechanism contributing to energy homeostasis.
Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with the brain's …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and regulates energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine
function, metabolism, immune function and other systems through its effects on the central …

Why does performing certain tasks cause the aversive experience of mental effort and
concomitant deterioration in task performance? One explanation posits a physical resource …

Under normal conditions, food intake and energy expenditure are balanced by a
homeostatic system that maintains stability of body fat content over time. However, this …

Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the
hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose …

The cloning of leptin in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. In those days
obesity was stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control …