The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by
Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant …

The signaling pathway of the microtubule-associated protein kinase or extracellular
regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is a common mechanism of extracellular information …

Social stress, including bullying during adolescence, is a risk factor for common
psychopathologies such as depression. To investigate the neural mechanisms associated …

Studies on stress and its impacts on animals are very important in many fields of science,
including animal science, because various stresses influence animal production and animal …

The dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family includes a heterogeneous group of protein
phosphatases that dephosphorylate both phospho-tyrosine and phospho-serine/phospho …

Gender differences exist in depression incidence and antidepressant efficacy. In addition to
the neurotransmission theory of depression, inflammation and disrupted signaling pathways …

This study employs an oral operant conditioning paradigm to evaluate the effects of
repeated social defeat during adolescence on the reinforcing and motivational actions of …

Background Depression is frequently associated with chronic pain or chronic stress. Among
cortical areas, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, areas 24a and 24b) appears to be …

Introduction: Social defeat (SD) in rats, which results from male intraspecific confrontations,
is ethologically relevant and useful to understand stress effects on physiology and behavior …

Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is widely abused. After producing
extreme pleasure, METH abuse leads to negative emotional states during withdrawal in …